India Achieves First Criticality Of PFBR, Enters Second Stage Of Nuclear Programme

The programme, conceptualised by Homi Jehangir Bhabha, aims to optimise the country’s limited uranium resources while leveraging its vast thorium reserves for long-term energy security. Strategic and Global Significance With this development, India moves closer to becoming the second country after Russia to operate a commercial fast breeder reactor, underlining the global significance of the achievement. The milestone reflects decades of research and development led by the Department of Atomic Energy, and strengthens India’s push towards clean, reliable, and low-carbon energy. It also aligns with the country’s commitment to achieving net zero emissions by 2070. Advanced Reactor Technology The PFBR has been designed by the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) and represents a major advancement over conventional thermal reactors. Unlike traditional reactors, the PFBR uses Uranium-Plutonium Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel derived from reprocessed spent fuel of Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors. The reactor is capable of generating more fuel than it consumes by converting Uranium-238 into fissile Plutonium-239 through fast neutron reactions. It is also designed to eventually utilise Thorium-232, which can be converted into Uranium-233, paving the way for the third stage of India’s nuclear programme focused on thorium-based energy generation. The reactor operates on a closed fuel cycle, where spent fuel is reprocessed and reused, enhancing resource efficiency and sustainability. Towards Energy Security and Net Zero The successful commissioning of the PFBR marks a transition from design to implementation in India’s nuclear roadmap. It reinforces the country’s indigenous technological capabilities and signals a stronger role for nuclear energy in achieving energy security and climate goals. As India advances through the next stages of its nuclear programme, developments at Kalpakkam are expected to play a pivotal role in shaping a sustainable and self-reliant energy future. (KNN Bureau)